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- 48 hours in . . . Bruges, an insider guide to Belgium's city on water
- 26 Mar 2028 - Daylight Saving Time Starts
- Brussels - Wikipedia
The Brussels Airport , in the suburb of Zaventem , dates from the occupation. After the war, Brussels underwent extensive modernisation. The construction of the North—South connection , linking the main railway stations in the city, was completed in , while the first premetro underground tram was finished in , [52] and the first line of the metro was opened in Development was allowed to proceed with little regard to the aesthetics of newer buildings, and numerous architectural landmarks were demolished to make way for newer buildings that often clashed with their surroundings, giving name to the process of Brusselisation.
The Brussels-Capital Region was formed on 18 June , after a constitutional reform in In recent years, Brussels has become an important venue for international events. In , it and eight other European cities were named European Capital of Culture. It was the deadliest act of terrorism in Belgium. Its average elevation is 57 metres feet above sea level , varying from a low point in the valley of the almost completely covered Senne , which cuts the region from east to west, up to high points in the Sonian Forest , on its southeastern side. In addition to the Senne, tributary streams such as the Maalbeek and the Woluwe , to the east of the region, account for significant elevation differences.
Brussels' central boulevards are 15 metres 49 feet above sea level. Nearby wetlands also ensure a maritime temperate climate. On average based on measurements over the last years , there are approximately days of rain per year in the Brussels-Capital Region, one of the highest totals for any European capital. The city also often experiences violent thunderstorms in summer months. Despite its name, the Brussels-Capital Region is not the capital of Belgium.
Article of the Belgian Constitution establishes that the capital of Belgium is the City of Brussels , the municipality in the region that is the city's core. The City of Brussels is the location of many national institutions. The Royal Palace , where the King of the Belgians exercises his prerogatives as head of state, is situated alongside Brussels' Park not to be confused with the Royal Castle of Laeken , the official home of the Belgian Royal Family. The Palace of the Nation is located on the opposite side of this park, and is the seat of the Belgian Federal Parliament.
It is also where the Council of Ministers holds its meetings. The 19 municipalities French: communes , Dutch: gemeenten of the Brussels-Capital Region are political subdivisions with individual responsibilities for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and the upkeep of schools and roads within its borders.
In , Belgium was divided into 2, municipalities, including the 19 in the Brussels-Capital Region.
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The largest municipality in area and population is the City of Brussels, covering The smallest in area is Saint-Josse-ten-Noode , which is only 1. There is much controversy on the division of 19 municipalities for a highly urbanised region, which is considered as half of one city by most people. Some politicians mock the "19 baronies" and want to merge the municipalities under one city council and one mayor. The current municipalities could be transformed into districts with limited responsibilities, similar to the current structure of Antwerp or to structures of other capitals like the boroughs in London or arrondissements in Paris , to keep politics close enough to the citizen.
In early , Molenbeek-Saint-Jean held a reputation as a safe haven for jihadists in relation to the support shown by some residents towards the bombers who carried out the Paris and Brussels attacks.
48 hours in . . . Bruges, an insider guide to Belgium's city on water
Geographically and linguistically, it is a bilingual enclave in the monolingual Flemish Region. Regions are one component of Belgium's institutions; the three communities being the other component. Brussels' inhabitants deal with either the French Community or the Flemish Community for matters such as culture and education, as well as a Common Community for competencies which do not belong exclusively to either Community, such as healthcare and social welfare.
Since the split of Brabant in , the Brussels Region does not belong to any of the provinces of Belgium , nor is it subdivided into provinces itself. Remaining is only the governor of Brussels-Capital and some aides, analogously to provinces. Its status is roughly akin to that of a federal district. The Brussels-Capital Region is governed by a parliament of 89 members 72 French-speaking, 17 Dutch-speaking—parties are organised on a linguistic basis and an eight-member regional cabinet consisting of a minister-president , four ministers and three state secretaries.
By law, the cabinet must comprise two French-speaking and two Dutch-speaking ministers, one Dutch-speaking secretary of state and two French-speaking secretaries of state. The minister-president does not count against the language quota, but in practice every minister-president has been a bilingual francophone. The regional parliament can enact ordinances French: ordonnances , Dutch: ordonnanties , which have equal status as a national legislative act.
Now, people voting for a Flemish party have to vote separately for 6 directly elected members of the Flemish Parliament.
26 Mar 2028 - Daylight Saving Time Starts
Before the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, regional competences in the 19 municipalities were performed by the Brussels Agglomeration. The Brussels Agglomeration was an administrative division established in This decentralised administrative public body also assumed jurisdiction over areas which, elsewhere in Belgium, were exercised by municipalities or provinces. The Brussels Agglomeration had a separate legislative council, but the by-laws enacted by it did not have the status of a legislative act. The only election of the council took place on 21 November The working of the council was subject to many difficulties caused by the linguistic and socio-economic tensions between the two communities.
After the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, the Brussels Agglomeration was never formally abolished, although it no longer has a purpose. These two bodies each have an assembly composed of the members of each linguistic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region. They also have a board composed of the ministers and secretaries of state of each linguistic group in the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region.
The French Community Commission has also another capacity: some legislative powers of the French Community have been devolved to the Walloon Region for the French language area of Belgium and to the French Community Commission for the bilingual language area. Because of this devolution, the French Community Commission can enact decrees , which are legislative acts. Its assembly is composed of the members of the regional parliament, and its board are the ministers—not the secretaries of state—of the region, with the minister-president not having the right to vote.
This commission has two capacities: it is a decentralised administrative public body, responsible for implementing cultural policies of common interest.
It can give subsidies and enact by-laws. In another capacity, it can also enact ordinances, which have equal status as a national legislative act, in the field of the welfare powers of the communities: in the Brussels-Capital Region, both the French Community and the Flemish Community can exercise powers in the field of welfare, but only in regard to institutions that are unilingual for example, a private French-speaking retirement home or the Dutch-speaking hospital of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
The Common Community Commission is responsible for policies aiming directly at private persons or at bilingual institutions for example, the centres for social welfare of the 19 municipalities. Its ordinances have to be enacted with a majority in both linguistic groups. Failing such a majority, a new vote can be held, where a majority of at least one third in each linguistic group is sufficient.
Brussels has, since World War II , become the administrative centre of many international organisations. Brussels is third in the number of international conferences it hosts, [80] also becoming one of the largest convention centres in the world. Brussels serves as de facto capital of the European Union, hosting the major political institutions of the Union.
However, meetings of political groups and committee groups are formally given to Brussels, along with a set number of plenary sessions. Three quarters of Parliament sessions now take place at its Brussels hemicycle. Brussels, along with Luxembourg and Strasbourg, began to host European institutions in , soon becoming the centre of activities, as the Commission and Council based their activities in what has become the European Quarter , in the east of the city.
The concentration and density has caused concern that the presence of the institutions has created a ghetto effect in that part of the city. The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol, is an international organisation which coordinates and plans air traffic control across European airspace.
Brussels - Wikipedia
The corporation was founded in and has 41 member states. Its headquarters are located in Haren , on the northeast perimeter of the City of Brussels. The Brussels-Capital Region has a population of around 1. In general, the population of Brussels is younger than the national average, and the gap between rich and poor is wider. Brussels is home to a large number of immigrants. At the last Belgian census in , Brussels has a large concentration of immigrants from other countries, and their children, including many of Moroccan mainly Riffian and Berber and Turkish ancestry, together with French-speaking black Africans from former Belgian colonies , such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda and Burundi.
Among all major migrant groups from outside the EU, a majority of the permanent residents have acquired Belgian nationality. Since the founding of the Kingdom of Belgium in , Brussels has transformed from being almost entirely Dutch-speaking Brabantian dialect to be exact , to being a multilingual city with French specifically Belgian French as the majority language and lingua franca.
This language shift, the Francisation of Brussels , is rooted in the 18th century and accelerated after Belgium became independent and Brussels expanded past its original boundaries. French-speaking immigration contributed to the Frenchification of Brussels; both Walloons and expatriates from other countries—mainly France—came to Brussels in great numbers.
However, a more important cause for the Frenchification was the language change over several generations from Dutch to French that was carried out by Flemish inhabitants themselves. The main reason for this was a political, administrative and social pressure, partly based on the low social prestige of the Dutch language in Belgium at the time; this made French the only language of administration, law, politics and education in Belgium, and thus necessary for social mobility.
Halfway through the 20th century, the number of monolingual French-speakers surpassed the number of mostly bilingual Flemish inhabitants. Only since the s, after the fixation of the Belgian language border , and after the socio-economic development of Flanders was in full effect, could Dutch stem the tide of increasing French use. Given its Dutch-speaking origins and the role that the City of Brussels plays as capital in a bilingual country, the administration of the entire Brussels-Capital Region is fully bilingual, including its subdivisions and public services.
Nevertheless, some communitarian issues remain.
Flemish political parties demanded, for decades, that the Flemish part of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde arrondissement be separated from the Brussels Region which made Halle-Vilvoorde a monolingual Flemish arrondissement. BHV was divided mid The French-speaking population regards the language border as artificial [] and demands the extension of the bilingual region to at least all six municipalities with language facilities in the surroundings of Brussels.
The original Dutch dialect of Brussels Brussels is a form of Brabantic the variant of Dutch spoken in the ancient Duchy of Brabant with a significant number of loanwords from French, and still survives among a minority of inhabitants called Brusseleers , many of them quite bi- and multilingual, or educated in French and not writing in Dutch.
Brussels and its suburbs have evolved from a Dutch-dialect-speaking town to a mainly French-speaking town. The ethnic and national self-identification of the inhabitants is quite different along ethnic lines. For their French-speaking Bruxellois , it can vary from Belgian, Francophone Belgian, Bruxellois like the Memellanders in interwar ethnic censuses in Memel , Walloon for people who migrated from the Walloon Region at an adult age ; for Flemings living in Brussels, it is mainly either Flemish or Brusselaar Dutch for an inhabitant , and often both.
For the Brusseleers , many simply consider themselves as belonging to Brussels. For the many rather recent immigrants from other countries, the identification also includes all the national origins: people tend to call themselves Moroccans or Turks rather than an American-style hyphenated version. The two largest foreign groups come from two francophone countries: France and Morocco. In recent decades, owing to migration and the city's international role, Brussels is home to a growing number of foreign language speakers.
In , figures cited in the Marnix Plan show that Just 2. The acceptance of English as a language for communication with the city's public servants depends entirely on their knowledge of this language, though they must accept questions in French and Dutch. The migrant communities, as well as rapidly growing communities of EU-nationals from other member states, speak many languages like French , Turkish , Arabic , Berber , Spanish , Italian , Portuguese , Polish , German , Greek , Romanian , Bulgarian , and increasingly English.
The degree of linguistic integration varies widely within each migrant group. Historically, Brussels has been predominantly Roman Catholic , especially since the expulsion of Protestants in the 16th century. This is clear from the large number of historical churches in the region, particularly in the City of Brussels. The pre-eminent Catholic cathedral in Brussels is the Cathedral of St. Gudula , serving as the co-cathedral of the Archdiocese of Mechelen—Brussels. On the northwestern side of the region, the National Basilica of the Sacred Heart is a Minor Basilica and parish church and the 14th largest church building in the world.
The Church of Our Lady of Laeken holds the tombs of many members of the Belgian royal family , including all the former Belgian monarchs , within the Royal Crypt. Religion in Brussels-Capital Region []. In reflection of its multicultural makeup, Brussels hosts a variety of religious communities, as well as large numbers of atheists and agnostics. Recognised religions and laicism enjoy public funding and school courses.