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The Beeldenstorm started in what is now French Flanders , with open-air sermons Dutch : hagepreken that spread through the Low Countries, first to Antwerp and Ghent, and from there further east and north. Alba recaptured the southern part of the Provinces, who signed the Union of Atrecht , which meant that they would accept the Spanish government on condition of more freedom. But the northern part of the provinces signed the Union of Utrecht and settled in the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

Spanish troops quickly started fighting the rebels, and the Spanish armies conquered the important trading cities of Bruges and Ghent. Antwerp, which was then the most important port in the world, also had to be conquered.

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But before the revolt was defeated, a war between Spain and England broke out, forcing Spanish troops to halt their advance. On 17 August , Antwerp fell. During the war with England, the rebels from the north, strengthened by refugees from the south, started a campaign to reclaim areas lost to Philip II 's Spanish troops. They conquered a considerable part of Brabant the later Noord-Brabant of the Netherlands , and the south bank of the Scheldt estuary Zeelandic Flanders , before being stopped by Spanish troops. The front at the end of this war stabilized and became the border between present-day Belgium and the Netherlands.

The Dutch as they later became known had managed to reclaim enough of Spanish-controlled Flanders to close off the river Scheldt , effectively cutting Antwerp off from its trade routes. The fall of Antwerp to the Spanish and the closing of the Scheldt caused considerable emigration. Many of them settled in Amsterdam , which was a smaller port, important only in the Baltic trade. The Flemish exiles helped to rapidly transform Amsterdam into one of the world's most important ports. This is why the exodus is sometimes described as " creating a new Antwerp ".

Flanders and Brabant, went into a period of relative decline from the time of the Thirty Years War. Although arts remained relatively impressive for another century with Peter Paul Rubens — and Anthony van Dyck , Flanders lost its former economic and intellectual power under Spanish, Austrian, and French rule. Heavy taxation and rigid imperial political control compounded the effects of industrial stagnation and Spanish-Dutch and Franco-Austrian conflict. But under the reign of Empress Maria-Theresia, these lands again flourished economically.


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Obligatory French army service for all men aged 16—25 years was a main reason for the uprising against the French in , known as the Boerenkrijg Peasants' War , with the heaviest fighting in the Campine area. William I started rapid industrialisation of the southern parts of the Kingdom. But the political system failed to forge a true union between the north and south. Most of the southern bourgeoisie was Roman Catholic and French-speaking, while the north was mainly Protestant and Dutch-speaking.

The nobility, mainly coming from the south, became more and more estranged from their northern colleagues. Resentment grew between the Roman Catholics from the south and the Protestants from the north, and also between the powerful liberal bourgeoisie from the south and their more moderate colleagues from the north. On 4 October , the Provisional Government Dutch: Voorlopig Bewind proclaimed its independence, which was later confirmed by the National Congress that issued a new Liberal Constitution and declared the new state a Constitutional Monarchy , under the House of Saxe-Coburg.

Flanders now became part of the Kingdom of Belgium, which was recognized by the major European Powers on 20 January The cessation was recognized by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands on 19 April In , the Belgian Revolution led to the splitting up of the two countries. Belgium was confirmed as an independent state by the Treaty of London of , but deprived of the eastern half of Limburg now Dutch Limburg , and the Eastern half of Luxembourg now the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.

Sovereignty over Zeelandic Flanders , south of the Westerscheldt river delta, was left with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was allowed to levy a toll on all traffic to Antwerp harbour until The Belgian Revolution was not supported in Flanders and even on 4 October , when the Belgian independence was declared, Flemish authorities refused to take orders from the new Belgian government in Brussels. The French-speaking bourgeoisie showed little respect for the Dutch-speaking part of the population.

In , anyone suspected of being "Flemish minded" or calling for the reunification of the Netherlands were prosecuted and their houses looted and burnt. Flanders, until then a very prosperous region in Europe, [ clarification needed ] was not considered worthwhile for investment and scholarship. This led to a widespread poverty in Flanders, forcing roughly , Flemish to emigrate to Wallonia to work in the heavy industry there.

These events led to a silent uprising in Flanders against French-speaking domination. It was not until that Dutch was allowed to be used for official purposes in Flanders see language legislation in Belgium , although French remained the only official language in Belgium. In , Dutch became the official language in public secondary schools. In , Dutch and French were declared equal languages in laws and Royal orders. In the first Flemish university was opened. The first official translation of the Belgian constitution in Dutch was not published until Flanders and Belgium as a whole saw some of the greatest loss of life on the Western Front of the First World War , in particular from the three battles of Ypres.

The war strengthened Flemish identity and consciousness. The occupying German authorities took several Flemish-friendly measures. More importantly, French-speaking officers on the front catalysed Flemish desire for emancipation. Since these parties were promised more rights for the Flemings by the German government during World War II, many of them collaborated with the Nazi regime.

After the war, collaborators or people who were Zwart , "Black" during the war were prosecuted and punished, among them many Flemish Nationalists whose main political goal had been the emancipation of Flanders. As a result, until today Flemish Nationalism is often associated with right-wing and sometimes fascist ideologies.

As a result, several state reforms took place in the second half of the 20th century, which transformed the unitary Belgium into a federal state with communities, regions and language areas. This resulted also in the establishment of a Flemish Parliament and Government.

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During the s, all major political parties split into a Dutch and French-speaking party. Several Flemish parties still advocate for more Flemish autonomy, some even for Flemish independence see Partition of Belgium , whereas the French-speakers would like to keep the current state as it is. Recent governments such as Verhofstadt I Government have transferred certain federal competences to the regional governments.

On 13 December , a spoof news broadcast by the Belgian Francophone public broadcasting station RTBF announced that Flanders had decided to declare independence from Belgium. The federal elections showed more support for Flemish autonomy, marking the start of the — Belgian political crisis.

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All the political parties that advocated a significant increase of Flemish autonomy gained votes as well as seats in the Belgian federal parliament. Eight parties agreed on a sixth state reform which aim to solve the disputes between Flemings and French-speakers. However, the provincial and municipal elections continued the trend of N-VA becoming the biggest party in Flanders. However, sociological studies show no parallel between the rise of nationalist parties and popular support for their agenda. Instead, a recent study revealed a majority in favour of returning regional competences to the federal level.

Both the Flemish Community and the Flemish Region are constitutional institutions of the Kingdom of Belgium, exercising certain powers within their jurisdiction, granted following a series of state reforms. In practice, the Flemish Community and Region together form a single body, with its own parliament and government , as the Community legally absorbed the competences of the Region. The parliament is a directly elected legislative body composed of representatives. The area of the Flemish Community is represented on the maps above, including the area of the Brussels-Capital Region hatched on the relevant map.

Roughly, the Flemish Community exercises competences originally oriented towards the individuals of the Community's language: culture including audiovisual media , education , and the use of the language. Extensions to personal matters less directly associated with language comprise sports, health policy curative and preventive medicine , and assistance to individuals protection of youth, social welfare, aid to families, immigrant assistance services, etc. The area of the Flemish Region is represented on the maps above.

It has a population of more than 6 million excluding the Dutch-speaking community in the Brussels Region, grey on the map for it is not a part of the Flemish Region.

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Roughly, the Flemish Region is responsible for territorial issues in a broad sense, including economy, employment, agriculture, water policy, housing, public works, energy, transport, the environment, town and country planning, nature conservation, credit, and foreign trade.

It supervises the provinces, municipalities, and intercommunal utility companies.

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The region and the community thus de facto share the same parliament and the same government. All these institutions are based in Brussels. Nevertheless, both types of subdivisions the Community and the Region still exist legally and the distinction between both is important for the people living in Brussels. Members of the Flemish Parliament who were elected in the Brussels Region cannot vote on affairs belonging to the competences of the Flemish Region.

The official language for all Flemish institutions is Dutch. French enjoys a limited official recognition in a dozen municipalities along the borders with French-speaking Wallonia , and a large recognition in the bilingual Brussels Region. Historically, the political parties reflected the pillarisation verzuiling in Flemish society. However, during the last half century, many new political parties were founded in Flanders.

One of the first was the nationalist People's Union , of which the right nationalist Flemish Block now Flemish Interest split off, and which later dissolved into the now-defunct Spirit or Social Liberal Party , moderate nationalism rather left of the spectrum, on the one hand, and the New Flemish Alliance N-VA , more conservative but independentist, on the other hand. For some inhabitants, Flanders is more than just a geographical area or the federal institutions Flemish Community and Region.

Particular opposition to secession comes from women, people employed in services , the highest social classes and people from big families. Strongest of all opposing the notion are housekeepers—both housewives and house husbands.


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    5. Although interpreted by many Flemish nationalists as a statement, this phrase is merely a quotation from the Belgian constitution and has no further legal value whatsoever. Flanders shares its borders with Wallonia in the south, Brussels being an enclave within the Flemish Region. Voeren is an exclave of Flanders between Wallonia and the Netherlands, while Baarle-Hertog in Flanders forms a complicated series of enclaves and exclaves with Baarle-Nassau in the Netherlands.

    Germany , although bordering Wallonia and close to Voeren in Limburg, does not share a border with Flanders.

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    Flanders is a highly urbanised area, lying completely within the Blue Banana. Antwerp has a population of more than , citizens and is the largest city, Ghent has a population of , citizens, followed by Bruges with , citizens and Leuven counts almost , citizens. Brussels is a part of Flanders as far as community matters are concerned, but does not belong to the Flemish Region. Flanders has two main geographical regions: the coastal Yser basin plain in the north-west and a central plain.

    The first consists mainly of sand dunes and clayey alluvial soils in the polders. Polders are areas of land, close to or below sea level that have been reclaimed from the sea, from which they are protected by dikes or, a little further inland, by fields that have been drained with canals. With similar soils along the lowermost Scheldt basin starts the central plain, a smooth, slowly rising fertile area irrigated by many waterways that reaches an average height of about five metres The province of Flemish Brabant is the most recent one, being formed in after the splitting of the province of Brabant.

    Most municipalities are made up of several former municipalities, now called deelgemeenten. The largest municipality both in terms of population and area is Antwerp , having more than half a million inhabitants.


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    Its nine deelgemeenten have a special status and are called districts , which have an elected council and a college. While any municipality with more than , inhabitants can establish districts, only Antwerp did this so far. The smallest municipality also both in terms of population and area is Herstappe Limburg.

    Brussels, an enclave within the province of Flemish Brabant, is not divided into any province nor is it part of any. It coincides with the Arrondissement of Brussels-Capital and includes 19 municipalities. The Flemish Government has its own local institutions in the Brussels-Capital Region, being the Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie VGC , and its municipal antennae Gemeenschapscentra , community centres for the Flemish community in Brussels.

    These institutions are independent from the educational, cultural and social institutions that depend directly on the Flemish Government. They exert, among others, all those cultural competences that outside Brussels fall under the provinces. Flanders was one of the first continental European areas to undergo the Industrial Revolution , in the 19th century.