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Learn locally. Succeed globally. If you know your customer, you can adapt and win. Know how sustainability concerns impact shopping behavior. If you know how shopping habits changed, you can drive future sales. The Polish 1st Armoured Division headed for the Dutch-Belgian border further east and the crucial area north of Antwerp. The Canadian 4th Armoured Division advanced from a hard-won bridgehead over the Ghent-Brugge Canal at Moerbrugge to find themselves the first Allied troops facing the formidable obstacle of the double line of the Leopold and Schipdonk Canals. An attack was mounted in the vicinity of Moerkerke , crossing the canals and establishing a bridgehead before counter-attacks forced a withdrawal with heavy casualties.

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The 1st Polish Armoured Division enjoyed greater success to the east as it advanced northeast from Ghent. In country unsuitable for armour, and against stiffening resistance, the division advanced to the coast by September 20, occupying Terneuzen and clearing the south bank of the Scheldt east toward Antwerp.

It became apparent to Simonds that any further gains in the Scheldt would come at heavy cost, as the Breskens Pocket , extending from Zeebrugge to the Braakman Inlet and inland to the Leopold Canal, was strongly held by the enemy. On October 2, the Canadian 2nd Division began its advance north from Antwerp. Stiff fighting ensued on October 6 at Woensdrecht , the objective of the first phase.

The Germans, reinforced by Battle Group Chill , saw the priority in holding there, controlling direct access to South Beveland and Walcheren island. There were heavy casualties as the Canadians attacked over open, flooded land. Canadian historians Terry Copp and Robert Vogel wrote: "the very name Woensdrecht sends shivers down the spines of veterans of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division".

Attacking on 7 October in heavy mist, the Calgary Highlanders came under heavy fire from German positions. As described in its war diary, "the battle thickened Back at SHAEF headquarters, Admiral Ramsay, who was more concerned about the problems facing the Canadians than their own generals, complained to Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight Eisenhower that the Canadians were having to ration ammunition as Montgomery made holding the Arnhem salient his main priority. It is reported to me this morning by the Navy that the Canadian Army will not repeat not be able to attack until November 1 unless immediately supplied with ammunition.

The operations are receiving my personal attention". Field Marshal Walter Model , who was commanding Army Group B , ordered: "The corridor to Walcheren will be kept open at any price; if necessary, it will be regained by forces ruthlessly detached from other sectors".

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Model sent the th Volksgrenadier division and assault gun companies to allow the release of Battle Group Chill, the "fire brigade" consisting of 6th Paratroop Regiment and assault gun companies. Instead he used attrition tactics by making piecemeal counterattacks. Floods rising again". Simonds had planned to commit the 4th Division to assist the 3rd Division with clearing the Breskens Pocket, but problems faced by the 2nd Division forced Simonds to start peeling off units from the 4th Division.

On October 13, on what would come to be known as "Black Friday", the Canadian 5th Infantry Brigade 's Black Watch was virtually wiped out in an unsuccessful attack. The Black Watch attacked German positions, already known to be well defended, while the rest of the 2nd Division was not engaged, suggesting that neither Foulkes nor Simonds had taken seriously the problem of fighting by the river Scheldt. Despite this reputation, the Black Watch was considered to be a "jinxed" regiment which had had more than its fair share of misfortune.

The Calgary Highlanders were to follow up with a more successful action, and their Carrier Platoon succeeded in taking the railroad station at Korteven, north of Woensdrecht. However, they were unable to pass beyond the ridge to the west of Woensdrecht. The Canadians achieved their first objective, but had suffered heavy casualties. Antwerp top priority in all operations of 21 Army Group".

Between October 23 and November 5, , the U. The division succeeded in pushing through the central portion of North Brabant against resistance from German snipers and artillery. Meanwhile, Simonds concentrated forces at the neck of the South Beveland peninsula. By October 24, Allied lines were pushed out further from the neck of the peninsula, ensuring German counterattacks would not cut off the 2nd Canadian Division, by then moving west along it towards Walcheren island.

Dempsey had been ordered by Montgomery to use the 12th Corps to cut off the retreat of the German 15th Army. Col von der Heydt and are of a better quality than most of the master race we have so far encountered. They worship their leader who is reported to have knocked out four of our tanks with a German bazooka The second main operation, Operation Switchback, opened with fierce fighting to reduce the Breskens Pocket. Here, the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division encountered tenacious German resistance as it fought to cross the Leopold Canal. In addition to the formidable German defences on both the Leopold Canal and the Schipdonk Canal, much of the approach area was flooded.

The Breskens pocket was held by the 64th Division commanded by General Knut Eberding, an infantryman with extensive experience on the Eastern Front who was regarded as an expert in defensive warfare. They were used by the Wehrmacht as a sort of "super-heavy machine gun " and were much dreaded by the Canadian infantry. While Montgomery focused on Operation Market Garden in September , Eberding used three weeks of quiet to have his men dig in.

He later expressed amazement about the Allied air forces hardly ever bombing the Breskens Pocket in September, allowing his men to build defensive works with barely an effort to stop them.

The Wehrmacht had blown up dykes to flood much of the ground so that the Canadians could only advance along the raised country roads. Each of these roadways were carefully registered for both artillery and mortar fire".

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Despite the fact that the Ultra intelligence provided by Bletchley Park had revealed that the 64th Division was digging in for a hard fight and that Eberding had ordered a fight to the death, Canadian military intelligence seriously underestimated the size of the German forces. They expected Eberding to retreat to Walcheren island once the 3rd Canadian division started to advance.


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He planned to use amphibious vehicles known as " Buffalos " to travel across the flooded countryside to outflank the German forces. A two-pronged assault commenced.


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    5. The Canadian 3rd Division's 7th Brigade made the initial assault across the Leopold Canal, while the 9th Brigade mounted the amphibious attack from the northern coastal side of the pocket. The 7th Brigade was known as the "Western Brigade" in the Canadian Army as its three regiments were all from western Canada with the Canadian Scottish Regiment coming from Victoria area, the Regina Rifles from the Regina area, and the Royal Winnipeg Rifles from the Winnipeg area, while the 9th Brigade was known as the "Highland brigade" as its three regiments were all Highland regiments with two coming from Ontario and another from Nova Scotia.

    The 9th Highland Brigade, however, was unable to land at the same time as expected, owing to their unfamiliarity with amphibious vehicles. The 7th Brigade was supposed to be on their own for 40 hours, but instead faced 68 hours of the Germans using everything they had to try the stop the Canadians from crossing the Leopold canal.

    Simonds had planned to take the Wehrmacht by surprise by avoiding a preliminary bombardment and instead having the Wasps incinerate the German defenders with a "barrage of flame". However, the Germans had dug in well and many escaped the flamethrowers. One company of the Royal Montreal Regiment was almost destroyed on the edge of the Leopold canal. The Germans brought down heavy machine gun and mortar fire and only a few of the Montrealers made it to the other side.

    They were joined by C and A companies in the evening.

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    Two precarious, separate footholds were established, but the enemy recovered from the shock of the flamethrowers and counter-attacked, though the Germans were unable to move the Canadians from their vulnerable bridgeheads. Brigadier J. Spraggree became worried that the Regina Rifles might be destroyed by the Germans' ferocious defense, leading him to order his reserve, the Royal Winnipeg Rifles , to cross over the Canadian Scottish Regiment's bridgehead and link up with the Regina Rifles. These anti-tank weapons are quite handy little house-breakers!

    October 10, 11, and 12 were days of intense struggle while the men of the 7th Brigade with the Royal Winnipeg Rifles took, lost and then retook a group of houses known as Graaf Jan and the Regina Rifles found themselves pinned down by a group of well dug-in pillboxes that seemed to be resilient to artillery. Even protection was slight: slit trenches rapidly filled with water and had to be dug out many times a day". In the end, only Eberding's determination to wipe out the 7th Brigade allowed Simonds' plan to work.

    On 14 October , Eberding, a man deeply committed to National Socialism, ordered that German soldiers who retreated without orders were to be regarded as deserters and summarily executed , and " The Canadian 9th Brigade conducted an amphibious operation with the aid of Terrapin the first use of the vehicle in Europe and Buffalo amphibious vehicles, crewed by the British 5th Assault Regiment of the Royal Engineers. An "after action" report described the scene on the Terneuzen Canal: "As darkness fell only tail lights showed. The locks at Sas Van Gent proved difficult to negotiate, for the Buffaloes were not easily steered when moving slowly.

    Their aeroplane engines created a sound so like the roar of aircraft that over Flushing the anti-aircraft guns fired sporadically Because of the damage to the locks near the ferry at Neuzen it was necessary to cut ramps in the bank and by-pass the obstacle.


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      5. Not only was this a slow progress, but many craft were damaged. The decision was therefore taken to postpone the operation for 24 hours". Franks of the Royal Navy to serve as a pilot, guiding the Buffaloes expertly down the river Scheldt without the Germans noticing. We were quite invisible from the north shore of the Scheldt, where all was quiet Our touchdown was planned to be on either side of a groyne They deployed and thundered past us I could see through my binoculars the infantry disembark on dry land and move off".

      In spite of difficulties in maneuvering vehicles through the canals and the resulting hour delay, the Germans were taken by surprise and a bridgehead was established. The North Nova Scotia Highland regiment landed with no resistance and woke nine sleeping German soldiers at their dug-out, taking them prisoner.

      Upon hearing of the landing at the Braakman Inlet, Field Marshal Model reacted promptly, telling Hitler: "Today, the enemy launched a decision-seeking attack on the Breskens bridgehead". Improving livelihoods through better access to WASH PMI is strengthening its WASH initiatives in the scope of its ALP program to support the key objective of providing a decent livelihood to all contracted farmers and the well-being of the surrounding communities.