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Each provides… Read More. Insight What should entrepreneurs and families consider before moving to the UK? Careers Career opportunities in Belgium Your world of opportunity starts here. Realise your full potential and join our diverse global team. See our vacancies. Got a question? The Minister of Foreign Affairs Julien Davignon and his main collaborators examined the attitude Belgium would take in case of German violation of her neutrality. Prophetically, the high-ranking civil servants predicted that the Imperial Government would ask Belgium to allow the crossing of her territory by German troops.
It seemed obvious that this request would be rejected. But then how was an eventual collaboration with France and Great Britain to be defined? After the meeting, all participants expressed the wish that, in wartime, Belgium would conclude a preliminary agreement with the guarantors. Typewritten in several copies, it constituted an important working paper during the different councils held at the beginning of August by King Albert, his high-ranking generals and state ministers.
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Naturally, the document was mainly devoted to political matters but included strategic elements. The army had been consulted and Arendt had at his disposal two military studies, one from the military operations director, General Major Benjamin Ceulemans ; the other from the then Staff Corps Lieutenant Colonel de Ryckel. The latter was a part of the rather unorthodox memo written by de Ryckel in Furthermore, the political director was disappointed not to discover any reference to the possibility of a French attack in the Hainaut or in the Flanders, in order to take Brussels.
Before , Arendt was busy trying to set up some form of an intelligence service using the Belgian Consuls or ex-servicemen living in northern France. During , General Auguste de Ceuninck , army chief of staff, established a plan which scheduled the mobilisation of the six divisions in their own district, instead of the former triangle Brussels — Leuven — Mechelen. The second-in-command was then Colonel de Ryckel. The two men hated each other. Selliers de Moranville had the confidence of the civilian Minister of War de Broqueville but de Ryckel was supported by the king and his military adviser Captain Emile Galet We had a complete project of operations against her; whereas the project against France was just drafted.
On 1 August , the Belgian mobilization started.
King Albert probably disapproved this plan. He would have preferred that the DA be put on war strength in their peacetime garrisons, waiting to know with certainty the would-be enemy. Nevertheless this plan could not be implemented, even after the transmission of the German ultimatum on 2 August The commission, made up of civil and military elements, had been only informed on 29 July about the military projects. No railway transport plan had been established before.
The others would be concentrated in a central position between the rivers Gette and Dyle, in the rough square Leuven — Tienen — Wavre — Perwez. The cavalry division would assemble in Gembloux.
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On 4 August , the Belgian army counted , men. One half was assigned to the fortresses and the rear services. The , men of the field army were divided in six DAs and one DC. The cavalry division consisted of two brigades of two regiments ; one battalion cyclists; one horse artillery regiment; military engineers; telegraphers; and services.
The field army had only machine guns. Before the war, several staff officers had considered the Mauser rifle quality so good that they would not need machine guns. The aviation had about thirty aeroplanes —only sixteen of which could fly — and forty-five pilots. There was not any mobile heavy artillery.
Last but not least, due to the reorganization of and the first steps of a general national service, the army was painfully lacking in officers: fewer than 5, were available for , men. Even proportioned to Belgian demography, the comparison with war effort in France or Germany — more than 3,, men mobilized in each nation — is unbearable. Up to the end of the nineteenth century, with French and German manpower and war material lower, the addition of the Belgian army to one of the belligerents could have changed the balance of forces.
Now it was rather insignificant for France or Germany. Because of the pacifist opinion of the main part of its electorate, the Belgian Catholic Government in power from to had waited too long to take the necessary steps. The military law of had established the personal service of one son for each family but the general military service was only approved in August If it had been adopted earlier, Belgium would have been able to mobilize , men. In such conditions, the crossing of the Belgian border would have been more dangerous. The value of colonial forces was not better.
Certainly, one could mention the 17, men of the Force Publique in Congo.
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Most of the troops were armed with old Albini rifles. Only troops in Katanga had Mausers. A few Maxim machine guns, Nordenfelt 4c7 cannons and Krupp 7c5 guns sustained the infantry. The Force Publique was not trained or equipped for a real war with Germans. It did not have a proper command structure above the company, nor logistics or plans for mobilisation or operations. It was forced into the defence at the beginning of the war. It appears that Albert I, his adviser and numerous high-ranking officers were largely convinced of the probability of a German violation south of the Meuse.
As with France, Belgium relied on diverse sources of information. The king thought it quite injurious for his army.
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Another idea, still present in , was that the siege of the forts would constitute a serious waste of time. Naturally, the Belgian High Command was unaware of the existence of mm and mm in Austrian and German artillery parks. Against these high range guns, the concrete vault of the forts was too thin and their artillery counter-firing was completely inefficient.
The most powerful guns in the Belgian forts were mm and mm. Furthermore, many turrets in Antwerp or on the Meuse were still equipped with mm. As a result, the main German armies were able to cross the Meuse on 14 August , without any major impact on their timetables one or two days only. In any case, the resistance of "poor little Belgium" was extremely powerful More than all complex diplomatic arguments about the "scrap of paper," the Belgian "noble gesture" convinced French and British public opinions of the "dishonourable German guilt" and responsibility in the outbreak of war.
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International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. DOI : Version 1. Pre-war Military Planning Belgium. By Christophe Bechet. Some documents are mentioned in: De Vos, Luc: Belgien. Operationsplanungen und Taktik eines neutralen Landes [Belgium. Analysen und Dokumenten [The Schlieffen Plan. Analysis and Documentation], Paderborn , pp. We give an exhaustive description in: Bechet, Christophe: Traverser la Belgique? From to Present], Brussels , pp.
Correspondence between the King and His Ministers], vol. II, Louvain et al. Annex C], Brussels III, pp.